Unambiguous identification of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles through quantitative susceptibility mapping of the nonlinear response to magnetic fields

Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles generate signal void regions on gradient echo images due to their strong magnetization. In practice, the signal void region might be indistinguishable from that generated by air. However, the response of SPIO to an externally applied magnetic field is nonlinear. Magnetization of SPIO saturates at around 1 T while magnetization of water and air increase linearly with field strength. Phantom experiment and mice experiments demonstrated the feasibility of a nonambiguous identification of superparamagnetic contrast agents.