Polymerase chain reaction in endomyocardial biopsies for monitoring reactivation of Chagasʹ disease in heart transplantation: A case report and review of the literature

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used to detect microbiological agent recurrence after heart transplantation of viral-induced cardiomyopathies. We report a case of reactivation of Chagasʹ disease after heart transplantation in which parasites could be detected in the endomyocardial biopsy using hematoxylin–eosin-stained sections, immunohistochemistry, and PCR for Trypanosoma cruzi DNA. Interestingly, PCR results remained positive in the endomyocardial biopsy 53 days after the beginning of successful treatment, pointing to the possibility of chronic persistence of parasites in the myocardium after the reactivation of Chagasʹ disease.