Pulmonary valve-in-valve implants: how long do they prolong reintervention and what causes them to fail?

Background lve-in-valve (VinV) procedure is a minimally invasive, transcatheter, off-pump, alternative to conventional valve replacement, which uses a failing bioprosthesis to anchor a second transcatheter-delivered prosthesis. This technique appears effective for prolonging freedom from reintervention and treating early device failure. However, it is unknown as to how long reintervention can be avoided. s sent the pathological findings of a VinV explanted after 47 months, as well as the failure modes of these devices. s nV approach in our case ultimately failed, likely due to the proximity of the hostʹs tissues to the prosthetic device, resulting in a combination of pannus, calcification, and a cusp tear. sions onal long-term follow-up of pulmonary VinV implantations is needed in order to determine the life span of VinVs and what causes them to fail.