Interleukin-12 Protects Mice against Disseminated Infection Caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis but Enhances Pulmonary Inflammation

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a facultative, intracellular pathogen causing the most important deep mycosis in Latin America. As the production of IFN-γ and induction of cell-mediated immunity to P. brasiliensis is of critical importance in host defense, the immunotherapeutic effect of exogenous IL-12 administration was studied in a murine model of susceptibility to pulmonary infection. rIL-12 treatment led to a less disseminated disease, as confirmed by decreased fungal loads in liver and spleen. Administration of rIL-12 did not affect fungal growth in the lungs, although it did induce an augmented pulmonary mononuclear cell inflammation. IL-12 treatment induced an early (week 1) increase in pulmonary IFN-γ, but decreased cytokine and specific antibody (IgG1 and IgG3) production at week 8 after infection. These results show that IL-12 administration induces a less severe infection, but the high inflammatory response detected in the lungs precludes its possible use as a new therapeutic tool for severe paracoccidioidomycosis.