Kinematics of partial and total ruptures of the medial collateral ligament of the elbow

In this study the kinematics of partial and total ruptures of the medial collateral ligament of the elbow are investigated. After selective transection of the medial collateral ligament of 8 osteoligamentous intact elbow preparations was performed, 3-dimensional measurements of angular displacement, increase in medial joint opening, and translation of the radial head were examined during application of relevant stress. Increase in joint opening was significant only after complete transection of the anterior part of the medial collateral ligament was performed. The joint opening was detected during valgus and internal rotatory stress only. After partial transection of the anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament was performed, there was an elbow laxity to valgus and internal rotatory force, which became significant after transection of 100% of the anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament and was maximum between 70° to 90° of flexion. No radial head movement was seen after partial or total transection of the anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament was performed. In conclusion, this study indicates that valgus or internal rotatory elbow instability should be evaluated at 70° to 90° of flexion. Detection of partial ruptures in the anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament based on medial joint opening and increased valgus movement is impossible.