Clinical and Echocardiographic Outcomes of Aortic Intramural Hemorrhage Compared With Acute Aortic Dissection

Aortic intramural hemorrhage (IMH), which presents clinical manifestations identical to those of acute aortic dissection, is different from aortic dissection in terms of the absence of intimal tear and communication of blood flow between the true and false lumen. This study was conducted for the purpose of diagnosing IMH by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) prospectively and comparing the clinical and echocardiographic outcome of IMH with aortic dissection. Between August 1991 and November 1996, 27 IMHs and 73 acute aortic dissections were diagnosed using TEE in 202 consecutive patients with suspected aortic dissections. The TEE diagnoses of IMH and aortic dissection were initially compared with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and later confirmed by operative findings (n = 37) or follow-up changes (n = 12). In the 49 patients whose diagnosis was confirmed by operation or follow-up changes, the sensitivity and specificity of TEE for the diagnosis of IMH were 27 of 27 (100%) and 20 of 22 (91%), respectively. There were 11 deaths in 73 patients (15%) from acute aortic dissection and 1 death in 27 patients (4%) from IMH during a follow-up of 1.7 ± 1.5 years (p = NS). Stanford classification and types of treatment were not related to death in both groups. Complications developed less often in patients with IMH (3 of 27) than in those with acute aortic dissection (24 of 73), and no death occurred in patients with uncomplicated IMH who were medically treated. A follow-up imaging study of 12 IMH patients showed complete resolution in 8, regression in 3, and progression in 1 patient. TEE is accurate in the diagnosis of IMH and IMH has a lower incidence of complications than aortic dissection because of the absence of intimal tear and communication of blood flow in the false lumen.