Bio-inspired cross-linking with borate for enhancing gas-barrier properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide composite films

The demand for flexible and transparent barrier films in industries has been increasing. Learning from nature, borate ions were used to cross-link poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and graphene oxide (GO) to produce flexible, transparent high-barrier composite films with a bio-inspired structure. PVA/GO films with only 0.1 wt% GO and 1 wt% cross-linker exhibited an O2 transmission rate <0.005 cc m−2 day−1, an O2 permeability <5.0 × 10−20 cm3 cm cm−2 Pa−1 s−1, and a transmittance at 550 nm >85%; thus, they can be used for flexible electronics. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the outstanding barrier properties are attributed to the formation of chemical cross-linking involving borate ions, GO sheets, and PVA, similar to the borate cross-links in high-order plants. Comparing our experimental data with the Cussler model, we found that the effective aspect ratio was significantly increased after cross-linking, suggesting that cross-linking networks connected GO with each other to form ultra-large impermeable regions. A feasible green technique, with potential for commercial production of barrier films for flexible electronics was presented.