New insights into membrane fouling based on characterization of cake sludge and bulk sludge: An especial attention to sludge aggregation

In order to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between sludge characteristics and the cake formation in membrane bioreactors (MBRs), the characteristics of cake sludge and bulk sludge were investigated and compared. Based on the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (extended DLVO) theory, the aggregation abilities of cake sludge and bulk sludge were also evaluated. It is observed that cake sludge showed worse aggregation ability than bulk sludge. Further analysis indicated that small flocs, colloids, loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS), hydrophobicity and negative charge played important role in cake formation and sludge aggregation. Cake sludge with worse aggregation had higher distribution spread index (DSI), more colloids and LB-EPS, higher hydrophobicity and more negative charge. The results indicated that sludge aggregation might reflect membrane fouling potential of sludge.