Author/Authors :
Amos، نويسنده , , C.L. and Villatoro، نويسنده , , M. and Helsby، نويسنده , , R. and Thompson، نويسنده , , C.E.L. and Zaggia، نويسنده , , L. and Umgiesser، نويسنده , , G. and Venturini، نويسنده , , V. and Are، نويسنده , , D. and Sutherland، نويسنده , , T.F. and Mazzoldi، نويسنده , , A. and Rizzetto، نويسنده , , F.، نويسنده ,
Abstract :
Sand transport in Lido and Chioggia inlets was measured using modified Helley–Smith sand traps equipped with 60-micron nets. The traps had an efficiency of about 4% only but provided enough material for analysis. Very fine sand (0.07 < d < 0.11 mm) only was collected in the traps. Transport of sand was greatest in the bottom 10% of the water column and followed a Rouse profile. Sand extended to a height of about 4 m above the bed during peak flows corresponding to the estimated thickness of the boundary layer; and observed in synoptic ADCP profiles. The sand in the benthic boundary layer was largely inorganic (>95%); above this layer, organic content varied widely and was greatest near the surface. The movability number W s / U ∗ showed a linear relationship to dimensionless grain diameter (D*): ( W s / U ∗ ) = ( D ∗ / 10 ) ; D* < 10. Sand concentration in suspension was simulated by a mean Rouse parameter of −2.01 ± 0.66 (Lido inlet) and −0.82 ± 0.27 (Chioggia inlet). The β parameter (Hill et al., 1988) was correlated with D* and movability number in the form: β = 2.07 − 2.03 D ∗ + 59 ( W s / U ∗ ) 2 (r2 = 0.42). Von Karmanʹs constant was back-calculated from a Law of the Wall relationship as a test on the accuracy of U* estimates; a mean value of 0.37 ± 0.1 (compared to the accepted value of 0.41) suggest U* was accurate to within 10%. The constant of proportionality (γ = 3.54 × 10−4) between reference concentration (Ca) and normalized excess bed shear stress was in line with the published literature.
