Does social support reduce distress caused by ostracism? It depends on the level of oneʹs self-esteem

We hypothesized that the companionship of a close other would buffer the negative effect of ostracism for people with a strong sense of self-esteem. Participants were either included or ostracized during the experiment with the presence of a close other or a stranger. We measured the participantsʹ self-esteem and feelings about the ostracism or inclusion experience. Consistent with our predictions, participants accompanied by a close other were less threatened by the ostracism experience than those accompanied by a stranger; furthermore, the buffering effect of a social companion on ostracism was more apparent among participants high in self-esteem but not among those low in self-esteem. The implications of these findings for ostracism research were discussed.