Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction-gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection: A fast and simple method for the assessment of triazole pesticides residues in surface water, cucumber, tomato and grape juices samples

A recently reported microextraction technique namely air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (AALLME) has been described for the extraction/preconcentration of some triazole pesticides from different samples prior to gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID). This technique is similar to dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) but in this method there is no need to use a disperser solvent and also volume of the used extraction solvent is less than DLLME. In this study, toluene with a density lower than that of water was used as an extraction solvent. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the method showed wide linear ranges with R2 > 0.996 and low limits of detection and quantification between 0.53–1.13 and 1.76–3.77 ng mL−1, respectively. Enrichment factors (EFs) and extraction recoveries (ERs) were in the ranges of 713–808 and 100–113%, respectively. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) for the extraction of 25 and 250 ng mL−1 of each selected triazole pesticide were less than 7% for intra-day (n = 6) and inter-days (n = 5) precision. The method was successfully used for analytes determination in different surface water, grape juice, cucumber, and tomato samples.