Preparation and evaluation of ionic liquid-calixarene solid-phase microextraction fibres for the determination of triazines in fruit and vegetable samples

A new ionic liquid (IL)-calixarene coated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibre has been synthesized on the surface of quartz fibre by the sol–gel method. The coated fibre has been coupled with gas chromatography–flame ionisation detector (GC–FID) for the determination of triazines in fruit and vegetable samples. The operation parameters including sample volume, extraction time, extraction temperature, desorption time, and sample pH have been investigated and optimised. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection of atrazine, simazine, ametryn, and cyanazine based on three times of standard deviations of blank by seven replications are 3.3, 4.4, 8.8, and 13.0 μg kg−1, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations are less than 7.2% and 9.9%. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of the four triazines in fruit and vegetable samples and the accuracy is assessed through recovery experiments.