Cesium ionophore II as an extraordinarily effective macrocyclic receptor for the barium cation

On the basis of extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the extraction constant corresponding to the equilibrium Ba2+(aq) + 2ClO4−(aq) + 1(nb) ⇄ 1·Ba2+(nb) + 2ClO4− (nb) occurring in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene system (1 = cesium ionophore II; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) was evaluated as log Kex (1·Ba2+, 2ClO4−) = 3.4 ± 0.1. Further, the extremely high stability constant of the 1·Ba2+ complex in nitrobenzene saturated with water was calculated for a temperature of 25 °C: log βnb (1·Ba2+) = 16.7 ± 0.1. Finally, applying quantum mechanical DFT calculations, the most probable structure of the cationic complex species 1·Ba2+ was derived. In the resulting 1·Ba2+ complex, the “central” cation Ba2+ is bound by four very strong bonding interactions to the respective four oxygen atoms of the parent receptor 1. The interaction energy, E(int), of the considered 1·Ba2+ complex was found to be −1050.4 kJ/mol, confirming also the formation of this significant complex.