Precision and accuracy of staged free-energy perturbation methods for computing the chemical potential by molecular simulation

We examine the performance of free-energy perturbation methods when applied to compute the chemical potential of the Lennard–Jones model by Monte Carlo simulation. We emphasize the accuracy and precision of various implementations of the methodology, particularly in the context of the relative effectiveness of `insertionʹ vs. `deletionʹ approaches. The study is limited to a single state point and system size. In accord with recent arguments made in the context of the hard-sphere model, we find that any single- or multi-stage approach that incorporates a `deletionʹ component shows greatly diminished accuracy and precision when compared to its `insertionʹ counterpart. We also confirm our earlier conjecture that the entropy rather than the free energy is the important quantity to examine when formulating optimal multistage free-energy perturbation schemes.