Author/Authors :
Backer، نويسنده , , Hermanni and Leppنnen، نويسنده , , Juha-Markku and Brusendorff، نويسنده , , Anne Christine and Forsius، نويسنده , , Kaj and Stankiewicz، نويسنده , , Monika and Mehtonen، نويسنده , , Jukka and Pyhنlن، نويسنده , , Minna and Laamanen، نويسنده , , Maria and Paulomنki، نويسنده , , Hanna and Vlasov، نويسنده , , Nikolay and Haaranen، نويسنده , , Tarja، نويسنده ,
Abstract :
The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) Baltic Sea Action Plan, adopted by the coastal countries of the Baltic Sea and the European Community in November 2007, is a regional intergovernmental programme of measures for the protection and management of the marine environment explicitly based on the Ecosystem Approach. The Action Plan is structured around a set of Ecological Objectives used to define indicators and targets, including effect-based nutrient input ceilings, and to monitor implementation. The Action Plan strongly links Baltic marine environmental concerns to important socio-economic fields such as agriculture and fisheries and promotes cross-sectoral tools including marine spatial planning. Due to complementarities with the European Union (EU) Marine Strategy Framework Directive, the Action Plan is in essence a pilot for this process without neglecting the important role of the Russian Federation – the only Baltic coastal country not a member of the EU.
Keywords :
Marine spatial planning , Regional seas , Good environmental status , Ecosystem based management , Adaptive management , European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive
