A holistic tree seedling model for the investigation of functional trait diversity

Improved insights into the basis for the large variation in plant traits observed in nature are expected from the development of more holistic optimization models. Holistic approaches emphasize the effects of interactions and tradeoffs among multiple traits on whole plant fitness rather than studying individual traits in isolation. Using this holistic approach, we developed a general model of tree seedling form and function. Here we present this new model and examine its realism and utility. The modeled growth of tree seedlings reproduced natural patterns accurately, including subtle ontogenetic shifts and environmental responses. The underlying processes of resource acquisition also behaved realistically, including the key process of stomatal control. Due to its holistic approach and the generality of the tradeoffs on which it is based, the model is well suited to investigating both general laws governing alternative designs for tree seedlings and the nature of trait adaptation in response to competition and environmental differences.