Modelling the bonding at metal-ceramic interfaces using PEELS in the STEM

A strategy for the elucidation of bonding at metal-ceramic interfaces is presented. Specific reference is drawn to (scanning) transmission electron microscopic (STEM) studies on metal-alumina interfaces. The use of spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the determination of local coordinations and valence states at interfaces is discussed. When such results are combined with EELS or energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) compositional linescans, high-resolution imaging and surface analytical techniques, important information may be derived about chemical bonding mechanisms which may ultimately determine property-processing relationships.