Poly(pyrrole adenosine 5′-triphosphate) (PP-ATP) and conducting polymer bilayers for transport of biologically active ions

The electrochemically stimulated adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) release from poly(pyrrole adenosine 5′-triphosphate) (PP-ATP) films was examined relative to slow spontaneous ATP release at open circuit. ATP ions were inert towards hydrolytic cleavage during both synthesis and potential driven release. This concept was combined with electrochemically controllable dual ion transport behavior of bilayers consisting of poly(styrene sulfonate)(PPPSS) as inner layers and poly(N-methylpyrrole) (PNMP) or poly(vinyl ferrocene) (PVFc) as outer layers. When PP-ATP was utilized as an inner layer in bilayers, the presence of outer films on top of the PP-ATP allowed surface property modification, as well as the control of the rate of ATP release while electrochemically stimulated ATP release from PP-ATP inner films was not substantially hampered.