An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the interface formed between ITO and 4,4′-bis(4-dimethyl amino styryl)benzene based light emitting diode

In organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), the structures of the metal–organic and organic–metal interfaces are crucial for their performance such as stability, quantum efficiency. In this paper, we analysed the 4,4′-bis(4-dimethyl amino styryl)benzene (DM