Low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis of phase-pure rutile titania nanocrystals: Time temperature tuning of morphology and photocatalytic activity

In this paper, a simple and efficient methodology for the low-temperature synthesis of phase-pure nanocrystalline rutile TiO2 with tuned morphology is reported. Control on morphology has been achieved by simple variation of the hydrothermal process, starting with titanium-tetrachloride without using mineralizers, additives or templating agents. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns showed no other phases of TiO2 establishing the formation of phase-pure rutile titania in the entire temperature range of synthesis (40–150 °C) and most noticeably even at a considerably low temperature (40 °C). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra strongly indicated the presence of hydroxyl group or surface adsorbed water and the thermogravimetry and differential thermo-gravimetry (TG–DTG) showed no phase change up to 1000 °C. A combination of reaction parameters (temperature, time) with a thorough transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study demonstrated the formation of phase-pure rutile titania nanocrystals as nano-rods, bunched nano-spindles or spherical nanoparticles depending on the hydrothermal reaction conditions. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nanocrystals has been successfully evaluated on the photodegradation of methyl orange (MO), a well-known pollutant azo-dye, as a model reaction.