Effect of water activity and temperature on competing abilities of common postharvest citrus fungi

The effect of temperature (4–30 °C) and water activity (aw, 0.995–0.90) on the ‘in vitro’ interactions between Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum and Geotrichum candidum were evaluated. The effect of temperature on growth of green and blue mould decays and their interactions on wounded oranges was also studied. The major competing abilities were observed at optimal conditions of temperature and aw for growth (25 °C and 0.995 aw), and no differences between growth rates when the fungi were growing alone or paired were observed in the other studied conditions. P. italicum and G. candidum were able to reduce the growth rate of P. digitatum when it was growing paired ‘in vitro’, suggesting that inhibitory metabolites were produced. In the ‘in vivo’ assays, growth rates of green mould were higher than those of blue mould at any temperature studied. However, at 4 °C, P. italicum began its rot development 1 week before P. digitatum. When these two pathogens were inoculated into the same wound at 25 °C, blue mould was practically inhibited. The difference between the results obtained in ‘in vitro’ and ‘in vivo’ assays suggests that other factors could interact with fungi, favoring the development of one pathogen to the detriment of the others.