The folic acid analogue methotrexate protects frog embryo cell membranes against damage by the potato glycoalkaloid α-chaconine

As part of an effort to improve the safety of plant foods, a need exists to more clearly delineate the mechanisms of toxicities of glycoalkaloids, which may be present in Solanum plant species such as potatoes, tomatoes and eggplants. α-Chaconine is a major glycoalkaloid present in potatoes. To assess the possible influence of structure of pteridine derivatives on toxicity of potato glycoalkaloids, a previous study that demonstrated the protective effects of folic acid against the Solanum glycoalkaloid α-chaconine-induced toxicity on Xenopus laevis frog embryo cell membranes was extended to two folate analogues—a synthetic compound widely used as a therapeutic agent methotrexate, and naturally occurring l-monapterin. Adverse effects on embryos were evaluated by observing changes in membrane potentials with an electrochromic dye, di-4-ANEPPS, as a fluorescent probe for the integrity of the membranes. Methotrexate decreased α-chaconine-induced polarization, as did folic acid. This decrease may result from an alteration of membrane conformations that prevents the binding of the glycoalkaloid to the membrane receptor sites, and/or from effects on folic acid metabolism. In contrast, l-monapterin did not significantly reduce the α-chaconine-induced toxicity. The possible significance of these results to food safety is discussed.