Modulation of cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Ceratophyllum demersum by zinc involves ascorbate–glutathione cycle and glutathione metabolism

To understand the interaction between Zn, an essential micronutrient and Cd, a non-essential element, Cd-10 μM and Zn supplemented (10, 50, 100, and 200 μM) Cd 10 μM treated Ceratophyllum demersum L. (Coontail), a free floating freshwater macrophyte was chosen for the study. Cadmium at 10 μM concentration decreased thiol content, enhanced oxidation of ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) to dehydroascorbate (DHA) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), respectively, a clear indication of oxidative stress. Zinc supplementation to Cd (10 μM) treated plants effectively restored thiols, inhibited oxidation of AsA and GSH maintaining the redox molecules in reduced form. Cd-10 μM slightly induced ascorbate peroxidase (APX, E.C. 1.11.1.11) but inhibited monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR, E.C. 1.6.5.4), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, E.C. 1.8.5.1) and glutathione reductase (GR, E.C. 1.6.4.2), enzymes of ascorbate–glutathione cycle (AGC). Zn supplementation restored and enhanced the functional activity of all the AGC enzymes (APX, MDHAR, DHAR and GR). γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS, E.C. 6.3.2.2) was not affected by Cd as well as Zn, but Zn supplements increased glutathione-S-transferase (GST, E.C. 2.5.1.18) activity to a greater extent than Cd and simultaneously restored glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX, E.C. 1.11.1.9) activity impaired by Cd toxicity. Zn-alone treatments did not change above investigated parameters. These results clearly indicate the protective role of Zn in modulating the redox status of the plant system through the antioxidant pathway AGC and GSH metabolic enzymes for combating Cd induced oxidative stress.