Mineral nutrition and enzymatic adaptation induced by arsenate and arsenite exposure in lettuce plants

Arsenate (AsV) and arsenite (AsIII) contamination is able to interfere negatively on plant metabolism, promoting a reduction of nutrients uptake and transport and also an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, some plants are considered tolerant against As exposure through the activation of defense mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different AsV and AsIII concentrations (0.0, 6.6, 13.2, 26.4 and 52.8 μmol L−1), on mineral nutrients concentration [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorous (P), iron (Fe), manganese (Mg) and copper (Cu)], on membrane lipid peroxidation and also on the enzymes belonging to the antioxidant defense system [superoxide dismutase (SOD), total peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] of plants of Lactuca sativa L. cv Hanson. AsV and AsIII, showed, in general, the same toxic effects in leaves and roots with significant changes in essential macro- and micronutrients concentration. Lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes was also observed in tested plants, probably resulted from an action of ROS generated by this metalloid. The increase of ROS generation and their scavenge were evident since an increase of SOD, POX, CAT and APX activity in leaves, and SOD, CAT and GR activity in roots were observed. Therefore, AsV and AsIII exposure resulted in toxic effects in leaves and roots of lettuce plants; however, this plant species was able to attenuate these potential As damages through the activation of defense mechanisms, keeping its metabolism. Arsenic-tolerant plants are considered a great risk to the public health since it results in As insertion to the food chain.