Latest developments in vertical gradient freeze (VGF) technology: GaAs, InP, and GaP

Vertical gradient freeze (VGF) technology grows III-V semiconductor single crystals with a low thermal gradient and in a thermal dynamically stable system. Such materials grown exhibit low dislocation density and low internal stress. VGF technology has reached the stage of commercial production of 6-in. GaAs, 3-in. InP, and 3-in. GaP. In this review, we present the latest developments of these VGF III-V semiconductors, their superior crystal qualities, electrical characteristics, mechanical strengths, and applications in commercial device manufacturing.