New directions in martensite theory

Advances in materials science, applied mechanics, physics and mathematics offer new opportunities for the science and engineering of martensitic materials. A systems approach to multilevel dynamic microstructure emphasizes the importance of distributed defect hierarchy in predictive control of desired behaviors. Total energy electronic calculations and Landau free energy functions describe nonlinear energetics of lattice deformations with atomic shuffles, and incorporation of non-local strain gradient energies in Landau–Ginzburg models has allowed numerical simulation of homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation as well as semicoherent growth and twin variant conversion. Analysis of multiscale defect interactions addresses growth in a plastic matrix and the nature of nucleation site potency distributions in both thermoelastic and nonthermoelastic systems. Predictive design theory incorporates macroscopic constraints in polycrystals and thin films. Biological molecular martensites underlying infection mechanisms in HIV and influenza viruses offer a fertile area for adaptation of martensite theory.