3D finite element simulation of deformation behavior of CP-Ti and working load during multi-pass equal channel angular extrusion

In this paper, 3D FEM was applied to analyze the commercial pure Ti (CP-Ti) billet subjected to four-pass ECAE process at 400 °C with Bc route. The effective strain distribution and load–stroke curves within up to four-pass were described with friction conditions. The load was increased with the number of ECAE process. The propensity for cracks was predicted, which did correlate approximately to the experiment.