Quantitative analysis of image contrast in phase contrast STEM for low dose imaging

This work quantitatively evaluates the contrast in phase contrast images of thin vermiculite crystals recorded by TEM and aberration-corrected bright-field STEM. Specimen movement induced by electron irradiation remains a major problem limiting the phase contrast in TEM images of radiation-sensitive specimens. While spot scanning improves the contrast, it does not eliminate the problem. One possibility is to utilise aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with an Ångstrom-sized probe to illuminate the sample, and thus further reduce irradiation-induced specimen movement. Vermiculite is relatively radiation insensitive in TEM to electron fluences below 100,000 e−/Å2 and this is likely to be similar for STEM although different damage mechanisms could occur. We compare the performance of a TEM with a thermally assisted field emission electron gun (FEG) and charge coupled device (CCD) image capture to the performance of STEMs with spherical aberration correction, cold field emission electron sources and photomultiplier tube image capture at a range of electron fluences and similar illumination areas. We show that the absolute contrast of the phase contrast images obtained by aberration-corrected STEM is better than that obtained by TEM. Although the STEM contrast is higher, the efficiency of collection of electrons in bright field STEM is still much less than that in bright field TEM (where for thin samples virtually all the electrons contribute to the image), and the SNR of equivalent STEM images is three times lower. This is better than expected, probably due to the absence of a frequency dependent modulation transfer function in the STEM detection system. With optimisation of the STEM bright field collection angles, the efficiency may approach that of bright field TEM, and if reductions in beam-induced specimen movement are found, STEM could surpass the overall performance of TEM.