Author/Authors :
-، - نويسنده Iranian Center for Addiction, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Babhadiashar, Nima , -، - نويسنده Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Vaseghi, Golnaz , -، - نويسنده Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Rafieian-Kopaei, Mahmoud , -، - نويسنده Neurosciences Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Andalib, Sasan , -، - نويسنده Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Eshraghi, Azadeh , -، - نويسنده Neurology Ward, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosar Hospital, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran Masoudian, Nooshin
Abstract :
Morphine is one of the most potent alkaloid in opium, which has substantial medical uses and needs and it is the first active principle purified from herbal source. Morphine has commonly been used for relief of moderate to severe pain as it acts directly on the central nervous system; nonetheless, its chronic abuse increases tolerance and physical dependence, which is commonly known as opiate addiction. Morphine withdrawal syndrome is physiological and behavioral symptoms that stem from prolonged exposure to morphine. A majority of brain regions are hypofunctional over prolonged abstinence and acute morphine withdrawal. Furthermore, several neural mechanisms are likely to contribute to morphine withdrawal. The present review summarizes the literature pertaining to neural mechanisms underlying morphine withdrawal. Despite the fact that morphine withdrawal is a complex process, it is suggested that neural mechanisms play key roles in morphine withdrawal.
