Exact and variational solutions of 3D eigenmodes in high gain FELs

Exact solution and variational approximation of eigenmodes in high gain FELs are presented. These eigenmodes specify transverse profiles and exponential growth rates of the laser field before saturation. They are self-consistent solutions of coupled Maxwell–Vlasov equations describing FEL interaction taking into account the effects due to energy spread, emittance and betatron oscillations of the electron beam, as well as diffraction and optical guiding of the laser field. A new formalism of scaling is introduced and based on which solutions in various limiting cases are discussed. In addition, a fitting formula is obtained from interpolating the variational solution for quick calculation of exponential growth rate of the fundamental mode.