Thermal stability in precision cosmology experiments: the Planck LFI case

After the great success of NASAʹs satellite missions COBE and WMAP, the Planck mission represents the third generation of mm-wave instruments designed for space observations of CMB anisotropies. Two instruments, the Low-Frequency Instrument (LFI) and the High-Frequency Instrument (HFI) will produce CMB maps with unprecedented angular resolution, sensitivity and frequency coverage. This ambitious task will be achieved by using low noise HEMT detectors cryogenically cooled at ∼20 K for the LFI and bolometric detectors cooled at 0.1 K for the HFI; in particular, the LFI is based on pseudo-correlation receivers in which the sky signal is continuously compared to a cryogenic reference load in thermal contact with the HFI 4 K stage. Such high sensitivity in Planck detectors calls for a strict control of systematic effects, which must be kept at μK level in the final maps; this in turn imposes tight requirements on the thermal and electrical stability of the different stages in the instrument. In this paper we discuss a study of the impact of thermal fluctuations at the level of the 20 K cooler cold-end on the Planck-LFI measurements and present some viable solutions that have been adopted to keep the residual systematic error within the required values for Planck-LFI.