Effects of human activity on the distribution and abundance of an endangered Mediterranean high-mountain plant (Erysimum penyalarense)

The Iberian mountains are important biodiversity hotspots that face great immediate threats like other species-rich regions on Earth. Preservation of natural communities has historically been based on protecting them from physical disturbance. One of the most important causes of disturbance in natural communities today is human activity. Erysimum penyalarense is an endemic and endangered Mediterranean high-mountain herb. In this study, we explore the effect of environmental factors (microhabitat characteristics) and human activity on its abundance and distribution within the only remaining population of the species. Our results indicate that the species is much more abundant than previously thought. The only population known benefited from human disturbance but was negatively affected by animal disturbance and shrub encroachment. Therefore, the net effect of human activity on the species depends on the balance between the different activities carried out within its distribution range, suggesting that intermediate levels of disturbance could help preserve some endangered plants.