The sources and fluxes of dissolved chemistry in a semi-confined, sandy coastal aquifer: The Pingtung Plain, Taiwan

Groundwater chemical fluxes from the Pingtung Plain in SW Taiwan to the ocean were determined by analysing waters from 43 wells at varying depths through a 237 m deep window across the Pingtung Plain, for major dissolved cations, anions, dissolved SiO2, and stable isotopic composition of O and H, and computing their subsurface water fluxes from measurements of hydraulic heads and formation permeabilities. The results show that between 1.5% ( SO 4 2 - ) and 12.3% (Ba2+) of the total chemical weathering flux discharged to the ocean (Kaoping River combined with groundwater) can be attributed to the groundwater. Estimated propagated errors at 1σ on subsurface fluxes are ±20%. Multi-year daily hydraulic head data give the direction of groundwater flow through the plain, and indicate that pumping has led to episodic reversals of flow, facilitating seawater intrusion in the near-coast aquifer. Tracing end-member proportions using mixing relationships shows that, in addition to seawater and meteoric water, hot-spring activity contributes to the dissolved chemistry of the groundwater. In addition to these three end-members, the weathering of carbonate and silicate minerals in the plain accounts for the remainder of the chemical budget. Hydrological connectivity exists throughout the drilled depth of the basin, but chemical gradients show that flow is stratified, with up to a twofold increase in silicate-derived Na+ seen in deeper horizons as compared to the near surface. For all ions except SO 4 2 - , the average concentrations of dissolved species in the coastal groundwaters exceed those of the river, ranging from a factor of 1.33 in the case of Li+ to 27.29 in the case of Cl−. The results suggest that submarine groundwater chemical fluxes through the drilled depth of the Pingtung Plain into the Taiwan Strait are modest in comparison to those related to surface runoff.