Effects of timber skidding on chemical characteristics of herbaceous cover, forest floor and topsoil on skidroad in an oak (Quercus petrea L.) forest

This paper examines the effects of timber harvesting by skidding on some soil properties (sand, silt, clay, pH, organic carbon, bulk density and compaction), herbaceous cover (unit mass) and forest floor (unit weight) properties. Also N (%), P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn (ppm) were determined in all herbaceous cover, forest floor and two soil depth (0–5 cm and 5–10 cm) on skidroad of an oak (Quercus petrea L.) stand in Istanbul Belgrad Forest – Turkey. In this study, obtained results are; the forest floor and the herbaceous cover amount on the skidroad have been found considerably lower than undisturbed area. There were some crucial changes in the characteristics of the soil which has been investigated down to 10 cm depth. Soil bulk density was found quite high in the samples taken from the skidroad subject to compaction compared to the ones on the undisturbed area. Nevertheless, no important difference had been detected between the skidroad and the undisturbed area at both soil depths in terms of organic carbon contents. Moreover, the soil acidity (pH) values showed noteworthy differences in the analysis of soil samples taken from both soil depths on the skidroad and on the undisturbed area. Fe and Cu contents of herbaceous samples on skidroad were significantly higher than undisturbed area. Forest floor on skidroad had significantly higher K content, and significantly lower Zn, Mn and N content compared to undisturbed area. P, Fe, Zn and Mn contents were found significantly lower in 0–5 cm soil depth on skidroad than undisturbed area. In 5–10 cm soil depth, concentrations of N, P, Fe, Zn and Mn were significantly lower, while Mg and Cu contents were significantly higher than undisturbed area. Results indicate that long-term harvest using skidding techniques on these sites had adversely affected soil cation concentrations, physical soil conditions and mass of herbaceous cover and forest floor.