Cost effectiveness of particulate filter installation on Direct Injection Gasoline vehicles

The recent introduction of a Particle Number (PN) limit of 6 × 1011 # km−1 for all Direct Injection Gasoline (GDI) vehicles registered in Europe after September 2017, is expected to necessitate a widespread application of Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPF). It is therefore important to assess whether the associated implementation costs can be justified on the basis of the societal benefits. Monetary valuation of externalities originating from the reduction of Particle Number and Black Carbon emissions, accounting for any fuel consumption and Carbon Dioxide penalties, provided evidence that a GPF installation can be a cost effective solution. Emission projections up to 2030, revealed that the three year delay in the implementation year, will introduce a relatively limited burden on future air quality, owing to the currently limited population of GDIs.