A global classification of snow crystals, ice crystals, and solid precipitation based on observations from middle latitudes to polar regions

This paper presents an extensive revision of Magono and Leeʹs (1966) classification of natural snow crystals, which has been widely used in snow and ice studies to describe snow crystal shapes. The new classification catalogs snow crystals and other solid precipitation particles into 121 categories, in contrast to Magono and Leeʹs 80 categories. Of these, 28 categories were created to classify new types of snow crystals that have been discovered in polar regions since 1968, seven were created after reconsidering the original categories, and six categories were created to classify solid precipitation particles such as frozen cloud particles and small raindrops. Because our observational area extended from middle latitudes (Japan) to polar regions, we refer to our new classification scheme as ‘global-scale classification’ or ‘global classification’. The global classification consists of three levels – general, intermediate, and elementary – which are composed of 8, 39, and 121 categories, respectively. This paper describes the characteristics of each type of snow crystal, ice crystal, and solid precipitation particle.