Characteristics of the raindrop size distributions and their retrieved polarimetric radar parameters in northern and southern China

The characteristics of raindrop size distributions (RSDs) and polarimetric radar parameters retrieved by T-matrix for stratiform and convective precipitation in Beijing and Zhangbei (northern China), and Yangjiang (southern China) are studied and compared based on RSD data observed with PARSIVEL disdrometers in these three different climatic regions. The effects of observed and fitted RSD on scattering simulation are also discussed. The conclusions further confirm the obvious variation of RSDs in different climatic regions and rain types. There is significant regional difference in rainfall microphysical parameters for convective precipitation, and small regional difference for stratiform precipitation, instead. Convective precipitations from Beijing and Yangjiang both have higher mass-weighted mean diameter Dm and log10Nw (Nw: normalized intercept parameter) values than stratiform precipitations. The averaged RSDs from both rain types in Beijing and Yangjiang are in good agreement with gamma distribution while those in Zhangbei cannot be well fitted either by gamma or M–P (Marshall–Palmer) distribution. It is essential to take into account the effect of air density on raindrop fall velocity in highlands far away from sea level, such as Zhangbei. The μ–Λ relation varies with location. For a given Λ value, the fits to the data in the three regions have higher μ values than Florida relation (Zhang et al., 2003). It is robust to retrieve polarimetric radar parameters by T-matrix. There is an exponential relationship between differential reflectivity ZDR and radar reflectivity factor ZH, as well as the relation between specific differential phase KDP and ZH. The variation of the relations in different climate regions and rain types results from RSDʹs sensitivity to climatic regions and rain types. Observed RSD is superior to the fitted one in retrieving polarimetric radar parameters.