Grain size and permeability evolution of soft-sediment extensional sub-seismic and seismic fault zones in high-porosity sediments from the Crotone basin, southern Apennines, Italy

We acquired structural, granulometric and permeability data from a total of 25 extensional fault zones developed in high-porosity sandy sediments of the Crotone basin. Undeformed sediments have mean permeability values in the 103–105 mD range. The studied fault zones have displacement values spanning from a few centimeters to about 100 m, and generally show well-defined narrow fault cores bounded by damage zones on both hangingwall and footwall sides. Fault core rocks developed by progressive comminution and consist of foliated granular material and gouge lenses along indurated and striated slip surfaces. Mean fault core rock permeability broadly ranges between 101 and 104 mD, although we recorded permeability values lower than 10 mD in gouge lenses. Fault damage zones typically consist of closely spaced single to anastomosing cataclastic deformation bands with different degrees of complexity and mean permeability between 102 and 104 mD, i.e. lower than host sands. We obtained empirical relationships between bulk permeability, fault zone thickness, and fault displacement. In particular, both fault cores and damage zones tend to widen with increasing fault displacement, especially in the first ten meters. Most bulk permeability reductions in both fault cores and damage zones occur at sub-seismic scale, and decrease for displacement greater than 25–30 m.