Development of photic zone euxinia in the eastern Mediterranean Basin during deposition of Pliocene sapropels

Carotenoids were analysed in ca. 1-cm thick subsamples of three laterally time-equivalent sapropels from a west–east transect of the eastern Mediterranean Basin to study euxinic periods during Pliocene sapropel formation. The amount of intact isorenieratene (summed all-trans and cis isomers), ranged from non-detectable at the base and top of a sapropel up to 140 μg/g sediment in the central parts. Isorenieratene accumulation rates at the central and western site are remarkably similar and increase sharply to levels of up to 3.0 mg m−2 yr−1 in the central part of the sapropel and then drop to low levels. This pattern indicates an expansion of euxinic conditions reaching into the photic zone, followed by deepening of the chemocline during deposition of this Pliocene sapropel. The sapropel from the easternmost site of the basin, which contains less organic carbon, shows much lower isorenieratene accumulation rates and even absence of isorenieratene in the central part of the sapropel. Ba/Al ratios indicate enhanced palaeoproductivity during sapropel formation, supporting previously proposed models, according to which increased productivity is the driving force for the generation of euxinic conditions.