First occurrence of encrusting nubeculariids (Foraminifera) on a mobile host (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Upper Jurassic Eichstنtt Lagerstنtte, Germany: A new possible relation of phoresy

Symbioses such as mutualism, commensalism and parasitism are crucial factors for evolutionary strategies and innovations. Epibiotic associations are particularly difficult to detect in the fossil record and, only exceptionally preserved organisms from Konservat-Lagerstنtten, may provide new data to reveal past symbioses. Microscopic epibionts are here described on a small erymid lobster (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Upper Jurassic Eichstنtt Lagerstنtte, Germany. These epibionts are here identified as nubeculariids, a group of foraminifera encrusting inorganic substrates or sometimes sessile organisms. This is the first report of nubeculariids fixed on a mobile host both in the fossil and extant records. The relevance of this association in the paleoenvironmental context is discussed to argue the possible symbiotic feature of this partnership. Next, the benefits and costs for both partners are assessed to finally deduce that a phoretic relation could have existed between nubeculariids and decapod crustaceans during the Late Jurassic.