Effect of dynamic bending of level ice on shipʹs continuous-mode icebreaking

This paper focuses on the influences of the dynamic effects of ship–ice–water interaction on ship performance, ship motions, and ice resistance. The effects of the dynamic bending of ice wedges and ship speeds are especially investigated. The study is carried out using a numerical procedure simulating ship operations in level ice with ship motions in six degrees of freedom (DOFs). A case study is conducted with the Swedish icebreaker Tor Viking II. The 3-D hull geometry of the ship is modeled based on the lines drawing. The predicted performance of the ship is compared with data from full-scale ice trials.