Impact of residentsʹ livelihoods on attitudes towards environmental conservation behaviour: An empirical investigation of Tioman Island Marine Park area, Malaysia

This study examines the establishment of marine park areas (MPAs) in Malaysia, with specific reference to the Tioman Island off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. This paper investigates livelihood sustainability and environmental issues in MPAs, focussing on socio-economic conditions and the sustainability of communities. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact communitiesʹ well-being has on attitudes and conservation behaviour within Malaysian MPAs. Based upon a literature review, seven hypotheses were stated and tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). The major findings of this study indicate that social and physical assets relating to the Tioman Island communityʹs livelihoods have improved, but that the residents lack substantial human capital, and financial and environmental assets. The model shows that human assets (β = 0.361) and environmental assets (β = 0.291) have positive and significant influences on attitudes towards environmental conservation behaviour. It also indicates that human, environmental, social and financial assets have positive effects on environmental conservation behaviour, which is mediated by the islandersʹ attitudes. It was noticed that MPAs are confronting numerous environmental challenges, such as solid waste and water pollution, the bleaching of coral reefs, tropical storms and floods, prolonged droughts, high tides and disease outbreaks due to climate change. Therefore, this study will help policymakers formulate better policies for conserving marine diversity, as well as improve the socio-economic status of the community.