Research on the life cycles of harmful algae: A commentary

The knowledge of the life cycles of harmful algae has advanced substantially in the last decade, in part through increased support of major research programs such as the SEED and the ECOHAB – Gulf of Maine projects. As with most research, the new knowledge answers some questions but raises more that require further inquiry, particularly since life-cycle strategies appear to be key to the initiation phase of many harmful algal blooms (HABs) in specific geographic areas. Three major themes can be used to integrate these organisms and their environment in relation to life cycles: benthic–pelagic coupling, endogenous and exogenous feedback loops, and bio-physical concentration mechanisms. With the new knowledge that is being generated, predictive models can be refined and tested. This commentary highlights recent advances in life-cycle research from the perspective of further research needs.