Calcic melt inclusions in primitive olivine at 43°N MAR: evidence for melt–rock reaction/melting involving clinopyroxene-rich lithologies during MORB generation

Olivine-hosted homogenized melt inclusions in a primitive basalt AII32-12-7 from 43°N Mid-Atlantic Ridge have magnesian basalt compositions (10–12 wt% MgO) with high CaO (13.2–15.2 wt%), relatively low Al2O3 (12.8–15.5 wt%), and form a linear array that ranges to extremely high CaO/Al2O3 values (0.8–1.2). These melt compositions are unusual for MORB, as is the observed phenocryst assemblage, which comprises primitive olivine (Fo87–92 with up to 0.45 wt% CaO), Cr-diopside (Mg# 90–92), and Cr-rich spinel (Cr# 50–70) and directly reflects these melt compositions. The melt compositional array extends from peridotite-saturated compositions formed near 1 GPa to lie well within the clinopyroxene phase volume, or possibly along a clinopyroxene + olivine phase boundary. We interpret the array as either the product of melt–wallrock reaction between a 1 GPa MORB melt and a clinopyroxene-rich lithology (wehrlite or clinopyroxenite), or of mixing between melt fractions derived separately from these distinct lithologies (i.e. peridotite and clinopyroxenite/wehrlite). Derivation of the melt array from a conventional mantle peridotite source, possibly involving fractional melting near or beyond the point of clinopyroxene exhaustion, is inconsistent with the melt compositions and the trend of the array. Trace element abundance patterns in the melt inclusions range from depleted to highly enriched (e.g. Lan/Ybn 0.6–7.0), and indicate the generation of compositionally diverse melt fractions via fractional melting processes and/or melting of geochemically distinct source heterogeneities. Most melt inclusions, and the pillow-rim glass, are enriched in the more incompatible trace elements, and have high Nb and Ta contents relative to other highly incompatible elements. These characteristics and the Pb isotopic composition of the pillow-rim glass (206Pb/204Pb = 19.654) indicate the presence of a HIMU mantle source component that can be linked to lateral dispersion of a geochemical signal commonly attributed to the Azores mantle plume.