Implications of seawater Mg/Ca variability for Plio-Pleistocene tropical climate reconstruction

Recent reconstructions of Mg and Ca concentrations of seawater indicate that seawater Mg/Ca changed significantly over the last 5 million years (Ma). Tropical sea surface temperature (SST) records for the last 5 Ma based on foraminiferal Mg/Ca paleothermometry assume constant seawater Mg/Ca. These SST records suggest that average equatorial Pacific SSTs remained thermally stable from 5 to 2 Ma, after which significant cooling occurred only in the eastern equatorial Pacific. This study examines the implications of adjusting available equatorial Pacific SST records based on Mg/Ca paleothermometry to account for the inferred past variations of seawater Mg/Ca. The results suggest that both the cold and the warm regions of the equatorial Pacific were much warmer during the early Pliocene (30–31 °C), and that both regions experienced a marked cooling from ∼ 4 Ma to ∼ 1 Ma. This new interpretation of foraminiferal Mg/Ca creates a discrepancy with alkenone unsaturation-based SST records from the eastern equatorial Pacific, which might be due to either overestimation of changes in past seawater Mg/Ca or to factors affecting the interpretation of the UKʹ37 index. The adjusted SST records are consistent with the hypothesis that higher levels of greenhouse gases maintained the warmth of the early Pliocene.