Push–pull factors in international birdersʹ travel

This study aims to identify international birdersʹ motivations and preferred destination attributes using the push–pull framework, and to explore their travel behaviors. Through snowball and purposive sampling, 257 international birders completed a self-administered online or pencil-and-paper questionnaire. The results of a factor analysis identified six push factor constructs consisting of 19 items and four pull factor constructs consisting of 26 items. In order of importance, the push factors are bird-related, novelty seeking, contribution and sharing, spiritual refreshment, relationship building, and competition. The pull factors, in order of importance, are avian resources, professional guides, facilities and infrastructure, and local culture and traditions. The study provides valuable information for governments, travel operators, and birding clubs in designing international birdwatching tour packages.