Reference stress based elastic–plastic fracture analysis for circumferential through-wall cracked pipes under combined tension and bending

This paper proposes an engineering method to estimate the J-integral and the crack opening displacement (COD) for circumferential through-wall cracked pipes under combined tension and bending. The proposed method to estimate the COD is validated against three published pipe test data, generated from a monotonically increasing bending load with a constant internal pressure, which shows excellent agreements. Further validation is performed against three-dimensional, elastic–plastic finite element results using actual tensile data of a TP316 stainless steel at the temperature of 288°C. The FE results of the J-integral and the COD, resulting from six cases of proportional and non-proportional combined tension and bending, compare very well with those estimated from the proposed method. ent agreements of the proposed method with experimental data and the detailed FE results firstly provide sufficient confidence in the use of the proposed method to the LBB analysis of through-wall cracked pipes under combined tension and bending. More importantly, these validations suggest that the proposed method can be used to any combination of the bending-to-tension ratio, not only for proportional loading but also for non-proportional loading. Finally the proposed method is simple to use, which gives significant merits in practice, and thus is easy to be generalised to more complex situations.