Metastability of Liquid Water on Mars

A simple model of local heat transport on Mars demonstrates that transient melting of ice may occur in depressions and gullies nearly anywhere on the planet where thin ice is illuminated by normal-incidence insolation. An experiment has been performed to confirm the model of evaporation rate at low pressure. Reduction of radiative cooling due to gully geometry is shown to be important. Since appropriate meteorological, topographic, and optical conditions may occur on slopes nearly anywhere on the planet, hydrological features such as gullies would likely form only where such ice might accumulate, notably in sheltered locations at high latitudes. It is suggested that cold-trapping of winter condensation could concentrate a sufficient amount of ice to allow seasonal melting in gullies.