Gas-drag-assisted capture of Himaliaʹs family

To elucidate the capture of Jupiterʹs outer moons, we reverse-evolve satellites from their present orbits to their original heliocentric paths in the presence of Jupiterʹs primordial circumplanetary disk (Lubow et al., 1999, Astrophys. J. 526, 1001–1012; Canup and Ward, 2003, Astron. J. 124, 3404–3423). Our orbital histories use a symplectic integrator that allows dissipation. We assume that the present satellites Himalia, Elara, Lysithea, Leda, and S/2000 J11 are collisional fragments of a single parent. Our simulations show that this “prograde-cluster progenitor” (PCP) could be derived from objects with heliocentric orbits like those of the Hilda asteroid group. We show analytically that this capture is energetically possible. We also compare the spectroscopic characteristics of the prograde cluster members (Grav et al., 2003, Icarus, submitted for publication) with those of the Hildas, and conclude that the surface color of the prograde-cluster progenitor is consistent with an origin within the Hilda group. Accordingly, gas drag in the primordial jovian nebula is found to offer a plausible explanation for the origin of the prograde cluster. A similar capture mechanism is proposed for Saturnʹs Phoebe.