Handling of dead people after two large earthquake disasters in Iran: Tabas 1978 and Bam 2003 – Survivorsʹ perspectives, beliefs, funerary rituals, resilience and risk

This paper targets the handling of dead people after two earthquake disasters in Iran: Tabas and Bam. Both places are located in arid and semi-arid areas of Iran. The high death tolls had a powerful impact on the narratives of Tabas and Bam survivors and witnesses. A thematic analysis of these narratives was performed, and various factors that impacted both the handling of dead people and the survivorsʹ resilience were identified. The paradigmatic landscape of beliefs, rites and funerary rituals were accompanied by other factors, such people under debris, fears of epidemics, difficulty in accessing the water sources, looting, non-identification of dead people and no earthquake disaster awareness and preparedness. Beliefs and cultural traditions are seen as vital resources for the resilience, but they may shape differently the resilience of survivors and the disaster management for handling of dead bodies, and some beliefs may impact the resilience in two different ways. Furthermore, practical suggestions on the both handling of dead people and survivorsʹ resilience are offered. The findings of this study adds to the lessons of handling dead people after earthquake disasters in Iran, to the agenda of earthquake disaster risk reduction and to the implementation of a sound disaster management and sustainable earthquake preparedness plans in Iran.